Freelance PHP programmer India | Freelance web developer india | Web development India | web developer CV india | Compiling PHP and Apache 2 from source on Linux
Classes and Objects (PHP 5)
PHP Manual

Late Static Bindings

As of PHP 5.3.0, PHP implements a feature called late static bindings which can be used to reference the called class in a context of static inheritance.

This feature was named "late static bindings" with an internal perspective in mind. "Late binding" comes from the fact that static:: will no longer be resolved using the class where the method is defined but it will rather be computed using runtime information. It was also called a "static binding" as it can be used for (but is not limited to) static method calls.

Limitations of self::

Static references to the current class like self:: or __CLASS__ are resolved using the class in which the function belongs, as in where it was defined:

Example #1 self:: usage

<?php
class {
    public static function 
who() {
        echo 
__CLASS__;
    }
    public static function 
test() {
        
self::who();
    }
}

class 
extends {
    public static function 
who() {
         echo 
__CLASS__;
    }
}

B::test();
?>

The above example will output:

A

Late Static Bindings' usage

Late static bindings tries to solve that limitation by introducing a keyword that references the class that was initially called at runtime. Basically, a keyword that would allow you to reference B from test() in the previous example. It was decided not to introduce a new keyword but rather use static that was already reserved.

Example #2 static:: simple usage

<?php
class {
    public static function 
who() {
        echo 
__CLASS__;
    }
    public static function 
test() {
        static::
who(); // Here comes Late Static Bindings
    
}
}

class 
extends {
    public static function 
who() {
         echo 
__CLASS__;
    }
}

B::test();
?>

The above example will output:

B

Note: static:: does not work like $this for static methods! $this-> follows the rules of inheritance while static:: doesn't. This difference is detailed later on this manual page.

Example #3 static:: usage in a non-static context

<?php
class TestChild extends TestParent {
    public function 
__construct() {
        static::
who();
    }

    public function 
test() {
        
$o = new TestParent();
    }

    public static function 
who() {
        echo 
__CLASS__."\n";
    }
}

class 
TestParent {
    public function 
__construct() {
        static::
who();
    }

    public static function 
who() {
        echo 
__CLASS__."\n";
    }
}
$o = new TestChild;
$o->test();

?>

The above example will output:

TestChild
TestParent

Note: Late static bindings' resolution will stop at a fully resolved static call with no fallback. On the other hand, static calls using keywords like parent:: or self:: will forward the calling information.

Example #4 Forwarding and non-forwarding calls

<?php
class {
    public static function 
foo() {
        static::
who();
    }

    public static function 
who() {
        echo 
__CLASS__."\n";
    }
}

class 
extends {
    public static function 
test() {
        
A::foo();
        
parent::foo();
        
self::foo();
    }

    public static function 
who() {
        echo 
__CLASS__."\n";
    }
}
class 
extends {
    public static function 
who() {
        echo 
__CLASS__."\n";
    }
}

C::test();
?>

The above example will output:

A
C
C

Edge cases

There are lots of different ways to trigger a method call in PHP, like callbacks or magic methods. As late static bindings base their resolution on runtime information, it might give unexpected results in so-called edge cases.

Example #5 Late static bindings inside magic methods

<?php
class {

   protected static function 
who() {
        echo 
__CLASS__."\n";
   }

   public function 
__get($var) {
       return static::
who();
   }
}

class 
extends {

   protected static function 
who() {
        echo 
__CLASS__."\n";
   }
}

$b = new B;
$b->foo;
?>

The above example will output:

B

Classes and Objects (PHP 5)
PHP Manual